Antiproliferative effects of volatile oils from Centipeda minima on human nasopharyngeal cancer CNE cells.

Volatile oils from Centipeda minima extracted by steam distillation (SD) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were investigated for their antiproliferative effects on the human nasopharyngeal cancer CNE cells. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results showed that CNE cells were more susceptible to the SFE oil than to the SD oil. The IC50 values of the SFE oil were 56.6, 8.7 and 5.2 microg/mL after 24-, 48- and 72-h of treatment, respectively, whereas those of the SD oil were 123.5 microg/mL (24 h), 97.1 microg/mL (48 h) and 83.3 microg/mL (72 h). Mechanistic investigation revealed that SFE oil induced CNE cell death via induction of apoptosis by regulating the expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, resulting in the dysfunction of mitochondria, leading to the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, which then activated caspase-9, and subsequently cleaved caspases-3 and -7. This study provided strong evidence for the anti-NPC potential of the SFE oil from C. minima.