Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: emerging therapies and progress in disease management.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major tropical skin disease. Its incidence continues to increase, and disease control and management are challenging. Available therapies remain inadequate and are associated with low efficacy, toxicity, difficulties with administration, or are expensive. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: This article describes progress in the therapeutics of CL since 2006. Clinical trials have provided further evidence for the use of alternative systemic agents to first-line antimonials, an enhanced topical paromomycin preparation, the efficacy of thermotherapy, photodynamic therapy as an emerging physical therapy, and the role of immunotherapy and immunomodulators as adjuncts to chemotherapy. In addition, in vitro studies have demonstrated the anti-leishmanial effects of several drugs, which might represent potential future therapeutic agents for CL. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: An overview of the magnitude and complexity of this heterogenous disease, and an update on recent advances in therapeutics and future directions for new drug development. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Drug therapy for CL must be tailored according to infective species, endemic region, and host responses; a range of different therapies and modalities is therefore required. The impetus for new drug development must continue, combination therapies need to be evaluated, and robust and comparative trials of existing agents are required to adequately assess their efficacy and tolerability.