In situ passive solid-phase adsorption of micro-algal biotoxins as a monitoring tool.

Laboratory and field studies of the passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) method have been carried out around the world. A wide range of marine micro-algal toxins have been detected and the potential of the method to provide reliable, sensitive, time-integrated sampling to monitor the occurrence of toxic algal bloom events has been demonstrated. The method has several important advantages over current phytoplankton and shellfish monitoring methods. Trials of various adsorption substrates have been carried out and the best candidates have been selected for the lipophilic marine biotoxin groups; however, research continues to locate suitable substrates for the more polar water-soluble compounds such as domoic acid and the saxitoxins. The technique has also been successfully applied to the detection of a range of freshwater cyanobacterial toxins. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.