Antigen processing via autophagy--not only for MHC class II presentation anymore?

T cells monitor intracellular and extracellular protein composition via proteolytic products that are displayed to them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. For this purpose it has been documented that MHC class II molecules, which were originally thought to just display lysosomal products of endocytosed proteins to CD4(+) helper T cells, can also present intracellular substrates of autophagic pathways. This has triggered the interest of immunologists into the role of autophagy in antigen processing in general, and recently additional autophagic mechanisms for intracellular and extracellular antigen processing onto MHC class I molecules for presentation to CD8(+) cytolytic T cells have been revealed. Here, I will review the contribution of autophagy for MHC class I and class II antigen processing and presentation to T cells. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.