Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies and cardiovascular toxicity: what are the important clinical markers to target?

BACKGROUND: Therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are associated with hypertension, cardiotoxicity, and thromboembolic events.
METHODS: All prospective phase I-III clinical trials published up to December 2008 of approved anti-VEGF therapies (bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib) and relevant literature were reviewed.
RESULTS: The rates of Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3) grade 3-4 hypertension with bevacizumab, sunitinib, and sorafenib were 9.2%, 6.9%, and 7.2%, respectively. Grade 3-4 left ventricular systolic dysfunction was noted in 0.3%, 1.4%, and 0.05% of patients, respectively, whereas the rates of grade 3-4 thromboembolism were 9.6%, 1.2%, and 3.8%, respectively. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) may play a key role in vasoconstriction and capillary rarefaction, which are unleashed when VEGF signaling is targeted. Inhibiting RAAS may be the optimal approach for managing these toxicities.
CONCLUSIONS: In anticipation of cardiovascular complications with anti-VEGF therapies, early detection and personalized management may improve clinical outcomes and tolerance.