A review of the EXIT (Ex utero Intrapartum Treatment) procedure.

The EXIT (Ex utero Intrapartum Treatment) procedure is done in cases where difficulty is anticipated in neonatal airway establishment at delivery and is done at the time of caesarean section. The partially delivered fetus is maintained on placental circulation while airway is established and this is carried out by a multidisciplinary team. In this paper, we review the indications, the maternal and fetal considerations of the procedure and the results and outcomes. The review highlights the fact that the benefits far outweigh the risks and that the risk of postpartum haemorrhage is more theoretical than real. As technology improves and more anomalies are diagnosed during the antenatal period, the EXIT procedure can be performed with good results after carefully considering the ethical issues. We have performed a MEDLINE search by using the keywords EXIT, CHAOS, fetal surgery, fetal neck masses and ex utero intrapartum treatment. As there are not many large studies, we have also reviewed smaller case series and case reports.