Nanoparticle charge control in nonpolar liquids: insights from small-angle neutron scattering and microelectrophoresis.

Electrostatic forces are typically produced in low polarity solvents by the addition of surfactants or charge-control additives. Although widely used, there is no consensus on the mechanism by which surfactants control the level of particle charge. We report an investigation using highly sensitive, single particle optical microelectrophoresis measurements combined with a small-angle neutron scattering study to establish the mechanism of charging by the surfactant AOT in the nonpolar solvent n-dodecane. We show that polymer-grafted particles with no chemically bound surface charges only charge above the critical micellar concentration of the surfactant. The surface potential increases gradually with increasing surfactant concentration c, before finally saturating at high c. The increase in the surface potential is correlated to the amount of surfactant adsorbed onto the surface of the particle. Using deuterated AOT and contrast variation techniques, we demonstrate that the surfactant is adsorbed within the polymer layer surrounding the particle core, probably as individual molecules rather than surfactant aggregates. A simple thermodynamic model accounts for the concentration dependence of the observed surface potential.