Prenatal development of Crocodylus niloticus niloticus Laurenti, 1768.

Prenatal development in crocodilians represents a very interesting model for comparative studies. As the speed of prenatal development of crocodilians varies depending on incubation conditions, the staging of embryos and fetuses is a very important prerequisite for data correlation. To establish a background for future developmental studies on Crocodylus niloticus, we characterized its prenatal development in a collection comprising 169 animals during embryonic/incubation days 9-70. The characteristics included external morphology, head morphometry, and wet body weight determined before fixation. We documented the external morphology of prenatal Nile crocodiles in a large collection of photographs and described landmarks during the morphogenesis of the head, face and limbs. In the development of the facial processes (medial nasal, lateral nasal, maxillary), three phases could be distinguished: union, separation, reunion. At the free jaw margin, a regular series of prominences was present. The outer aspect of a prominence gave rise to a labial scale, the inner aspect to a tooth. In contrast to mammals (humans and mice), the hindlimbs of C. niloticus developed faster than the forelimbs. We also determined changes in basic measures of the head and of the wet body weight. Both morphological and morphometric characteristics showed an apparent inter-individual variability among animals of the same age. This variability decreased among animals of a similar body weight (irrespective of their age). Body weight can be considered as the most representative and complex parameter for crocodile staging reflecting the overall growth of a whole embryo/fetus.