Modern surgical management of peripheral nerve gap.

The management of peripheral nerve injury requires a thorough understanding of the complex physiology of nerve regeneration. The ability to perform surgery under magnification has improved our understanding of the anatomy of the peripheral nerves. However, the level of functional improvement that can be expected following peripheral nerve injury has plateaued. Advancements in the field of tissue engineering have led to an exciting complement of commercially available products that can be used to bridge peripheral nerve gaps. However, the quest for enhanced options is ongoing. This article provides a review of the current treatment options available following peripheral nerve injury, a summary of the published studies using commercially available nerve conduits and nerve allografts in humans and the emerging hopes for the next generation of nerve conduits with the advancement of nanotechnology.