Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management considerations.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare hematopoietic malignancy of early childhood with features characteristic of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Recent studies clearly show that the deregulated activation of the RAS signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of JMML. Somatic defects in either RAS, PTPN11 or NF1 genes involved in this pathway are detected in 70-80% of JMML patients, allowing a molecular diagnosis to be made in the majority of cases. Patients with JMML respond poorly to chemotherapy, and the probability of survival without allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is less than 10%. Recent studies show that the event-free survival after HSCT is between 24 and 54%, with no difference between transplants using matched family donors and those using unrelated donors. The use of therapies such as intensive chemotherapy and splenectomy prior to HSCT does not improve the outcome. The relapse rate following HSCT is over 30%, which is unacceptably high. Cumulative evidence suggests that a graft-versus-leukemia effect occurs in JMML. Donor leukocyte infusion is not usually successful in JMML, but the outcome of second HSCT is generally favorable. Based on recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of JMML, the development of novel targeted therapies, which might improve the outcome of patients, is keenly awaited.