Larval keys to the genera of Ixodidae (Acari) and species of Ixodes (Latreille) ticks established in California.

In California, hard (Ixodidae) ticks transmit at least 8 zoonotic disease agents (1 virus, 6 bacteria, 1 protozoan) to humans or other animals. The correct taxonomic identification of all 3 parasitic stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) of ticks is integral to understanding host-tick associations and disease dynamics, but immature ticks, especially the larvae, can be difficult to identify. Here, we present larval keys to the 4 genera of Ixodidae (DermacentorKoch, 1844; HaemaphysalisKoch, 1844; IxodesLatreille, 1795; RhipicephalusKoch, 1844) and to the 18 species of Ixodes known to be established in California. Several new diagnostic features, as well as photographs of microscopic structures, are provided to facilitate identification. Non-exclusive characters are utilized to separate the subgenera IxodiopsisFilippova, 1957 and PholeoixodesSchulze, 1942.