Transporters in drug-refractory epilepsy: clinical significance.

Drug resistance remains an unmet challenge in a variety of neurological disorders, but epilepsy is probably the refractory disease that has received most experimental, preclinical, and therapeutic attention. Although resective surgery continues to improve our ability to provide seizure relief, new discoveries have potential as alternative therapeutic approaches to multiple drug resistance. As discussed here, the field is replete with controversies and false starts, in particular as it concerns the existence of genetic predisposition to inadequate pharmacological seizure control.