OBJECTIVES: To estimate the gender-specific risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease according to smoking status and time since smoking cessation among former smokers in Japan. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: 140,026 males and 156,810 females aged 40-79 years who participated in one of three cohort studies conducted in Japan between 1980 and 1990. OUTCOME: The gender-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular disease mortality were calculated after adjustment for age and cohort. RESULTS: The age-adjusted and cohort-adjusted HRs for current smokers compared with lifelong non-smokers were 1.51 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.64) for total cardiovascular diseases, 2.19 (95% CI 1.79 to 2.67) for coronary heart disease and 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.41) for total stroke in males, and were 1.85 (95% CI 1.65 to 2.06), 2.84 (95% CI 2.24 to 3.60) and 1.70 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.01), respectively, in females. The age-adjusted and cohort-adjusted HRs for former smokers compared with current smokers according to the time period since smoking cessation decreased by approximately 5 years after smoking cessation and reached the same level as lifelong non-smokers approximately 10 years after smoking cessation among both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the association between smoking and mortality from cardiovascular disease in both males and females. Smoking cessation is a crucial preventive measure against death from cardiovascular disease.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the gender-specific risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease according to smoking status and time since smoking cessation among former smokers in Japan. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: 140,026 males and 156,810 females aged 40-79 years who participated in one of three cohort studies conducted in Japan between 1980 and 1990. OUTCOME: The gender-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for cardiovascular disease mortality were calculated after adjustment for age and cohort. RESULTS: The age-adjusted and cohort-adjusted HRs for current smokers compared with lifelong non-smokers were 1.51 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.64) for total cardiovascular diseases, 2.19 (95% CI 1.79 to 2.67) for coronary heart disease and 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.41) for total stroke in males, and were 1.85 (95% CI 1.65 to 2.06), 2.84 (95% CI 2.24 to 3.60) and 1.70 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.01), respectively, in females. The age-adjusted and cohort-adjusted HRs for former smokers compared with current smokers according to the time period since smoking cessation decreased by approximately 5 years after smoking cessation and reached the same level as lifelong non-smokers approximately 10 years after smoking cessation among both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the association between smoking and mortality from cardiovascular disease in both males and females. Smoking cessation is a crucial preventive measure against death from cardiovascular disease.
Authors: Akira Sekikawa; Bradley J Willcox; Takeshi Usui; John Jeffrey Carr; Emma J M Barinas-Mitchell; Kamal H Masaki; Makoto Watanabe; Russell P Tracy; Marianne H Bertolet; Rhobert W Evans; Kunihiko Nishimura; Kim Sutton-Tyrrell; Lewis H Kuller; Yoshihiro Miyamoto Journal: J Womens Health (Larchmt) Date: 2013-09-28 Impact factor: 2.681
Authors: Rachel R Huxley; Hiroshi Yatsuya; Pamela L Lutsey; Mark Woodward; Alvaro Alonso; Aaron R Folsom Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2012-03-06 Impact factor: 4.897