Comparison of three measurement techniques for the normal absorption coefficient of sound absorbing materials in the free field.

Three different techniques for evaluating the absorption coefficient of sound absorbing materials in free field conditions are discussed. One technique measures the acoustic impedance at one point nearby a specimen, the other two techniques evaluate the impedance from the transfer function of two sound pressures and two particle velocities at two points. These are called "PU-method," "PP-method," and "UU-method," respectively. An iterative algorithm to estimate the acoustic impedance of the locally reactive specimen in the spherical wave field is also applied. First, the effect of receiver positions, specimen areas, and source heights to the measured normal absorption coefficient is investigated by the boundary element method. According to these investigations, the PU-method is most stable against the effect of specimen area, and the UU-method is easily affected by that effect. Closer source to the specimen distance is advantageous for the signal to noise ratio of these measurement techniques, but correction for the effect of the spherical wave field has to be applied. As a finding, the iterative algorithm works for all of three techniques. Finally, the PU-method is applied experimentally with a pressure-velocity sensor and a loudspeaker in a hemi-anechoic room. As a result, the calculated results have been verified.