Congenital diseases of the craniocervical junction in the dog.

Craniocervical junction disorders are most frequently seen in toy and small-breed dogs. They can present a diagnostic challenge, as multiple anomalies can be present concurrently and share similar clinical manifestations. Some, such as Chiari-like malformations, may be present in asymptomatic dogs. A thorough evaluation of the entire craniocervical junction, frequently using more than 1 imaging modality, is necessary before making treatment decisions.