An experimental method for calibration of the plasmon mean free path.

Transmission electron microscopy specimens in the form of elongated, conical needles were made using a dual-beam focused ion beam system, allowing the specimen thickness to be geometrically determined for a range of thickness values. From the same samples electron energy loss maps were acquired and the plasmon mean free path (lambda) for inelastic scattering was determined experimentally from the measured values of specimen thickness. To test the method lambda was determined for Ni (174 +/- 17 nm), alpha-Al(2)O(3) (143 +/- 14 nm), Si (199 +/- 20 nm) and amorphous SiO(2) (238 +/- 12 nm), and compared both to experimental values of lambda taken from the literature and to calculated values. The calculated values of lambda significantly underestimate the true sample thickness for high accelerating voltages (300 kV) and large collection angles. A linear dependence of lambda on thickness was confirmed for t/lambda < 0.5-0.6, but this method also provides an approach for calibrating lambda at sample thicknesses for which multiple scattering occurs, thus expanding the thickness range over which electron energy loss spectroscopy can be used to determine the absolute sample thickness (t/lambda > 0.6). The experimental method proposed in this contribution offers a means to calibrate lambda for any type of material or phase that can be milled using a focused ion beam system.