Genotypic stability and adaptability in tropical maize based on AMMI and GGE biplot analysis.

We evaluated the phenotypic and genotypic stability and adaptability of hybrids using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype x genotype-environment interaction (GGE) biplot models. Starting with 10 single-cross hybrids, a complete diallel was done, resulting in 45 double-cross hybrids that were appraised in 15 locations in Southeast, Center-West and Northeast Brazil. In most cases, when the effects were considered as random (only G effects or G and GE simultaneously) in AMMI and GGE analysis, the distances between predicted values and observed values were smaller than for AMMI and GGE biplot phenotypic means; the best linear unbiased predictors of G and GE generally showed more accurate predictions in AMMI and GGE analysis. We found the GGE biplot method to be superior to the AMMI 1 graph, due to more retention of GE and G + GE in the graph analysis. However, based on cross-validation results, the GGE biplot was less accurate than the AMMI 1 graph, inferring that the quantity of GE or G + GE retained in the graph analysis alone is not a good parameter for choice of stabilities and adaptabilities when comparing AMMI and GGE analyses.