Hemostatic abnormalities in endocrine and metabolic disorders.

The hemostatic balance is a complex system where the delicate equilibrium is regulated by several factors, including hormones. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of most frequent endocrine and metabolic diseases (such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, GH-related pituitary dysfunctions, pituitary prolactin-producing adenomas, polycystic ovary syndrome, primary hyperparathyroidism, and metabolic syndrome) on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Overt hypothyroidism appears to be associated with a bleeding tendency, whereas all other endocrine diseases appear to be associated with a thrombotic tendency. Globally, the disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis usually range from mild to moderate, and, rarely, to severe laboratory abnormalities (for example, bleeding diathesis in overt hypothyroidism mainly due to an acquired von Willebrand's disease type 1). Further larger and high-quality studies are needed to provide more definitive information on the effects of endocrine disorders on coagulation and fibrinolysis.