Honokiol nanoparticles in thermosensitive hydrogel: therapeutic effects on malignant pleural effusion.

Honokiol (HK) can efficiently inhibit the growth of tumors. However, its clinical applications have been restricted by its extreme hydrophobicity. We hope to improve its water solubility by nanotechnology. And we wonder whether a novel honokiol nanoparticles-loaded thermosensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PCL-PEG, PECE) hydrogel (HK-hydrogel) could improve the therapeutic efficacy on malignant pleural effusion (MPE). To evaluate the therapeutic effects of HK-hydrogel on MPE, MPE-bearing mice were administered intrapleurally with HK-hydrogel, HK nanoparticles (HK-NP), blank hydrogel, or normal saline (NS) at days 4 and 11 after Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells inoculation, respectively. Pleural tumor foci and survival time were observed, and antiangiogenesis of HK-hydrogel was determined by CD31. Histological analysis and assessment of apoptotic cells were also conducted in tumor tissues. HK-hydrogel reduced the number of pleural tumor foci, while prolonging the survival time of MPE-bearing mice, more effectively, as compared with control groups. In addition, HK-hydrogel successfully inhibited angiogenesis as assessed by CD31 (P < 0.05). Histological analysis of pleural tumors exhibited that HK-hydrogel led to the increased rate of apoptosis. This work is important for the further application of HK-hydrogel in the treatment of MPE.