Degradation of orange-G by advanced oxidation processes.

The degradation and mineralization of orange-G (OG) in aqueous solutions by means of ultrasound irradiation at a frequency of 213kHz and its combination with a heterogeneous photocatalyst (TiO(2)) were investigated. The effects of various operational parameters such as, the concentration of the dye and solution pH on the degradation efficiency were studied. The degradation of the dye followed first-order like kinetics under the conditions examined. The sonolytic degradation of OG was relatively higher at pH 5.8 than that at pH 12. However, an alkaline pH was favoured for the photocatalytic degradation of OG using TiO(2). Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements were also carried out in order to evaluate the mineralization efficiency of OG using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sonophotocatalysis. The hybrid technique of sonophotocatalytic degradation was compared with the individual techniques of photocatalysis and sonolysis. A simple additive effect was observed during the sonophotocatalytic oxidation of OG using TiO(2) indicating that the combined treatment offers no synergistic enhancement. TOC results also support the additive effect in the dual treatment process.