BACKGROUND: Recent findings suggest that both low and very high fasting blood glucose concentrations may be linked with depression, though whether type 2 diabetes is associated with depression may depend on awareness of the diagnosis. We explored the association between fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (undiagnosed and diagnosed) and depression in middle-aged men. METHODS: Participants were 4293 US veterans who underwent an examination during which fasting blood glucose was measured, major depression diagnosed using DSM-III criteria, and depressive symptoms assessed with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scale for depression. RESULTS: Compared with those with normal fasting glucose, men with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes had nearly double the odds of major depression, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.80 (1.01, 3.22), and men with diagnosed diabetes had triple the odds of major depression, 3.82 (1.68, 8.70), after adjustment for confounding variables. Men with undiagnosed or diagnosed diabetes had higher MMPI depression scores. There was no curvilinear association between fasting glucose and depression (p > .45). CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support a U-shaped association between fasting glucose and depression. They suggest that the positive association between type 2 diabetes and depression extends beyond those who are aware they have the disease.
BACKGROUND: Recent findings suggest that both low and very high fasting blood glucose concentrations may be linked with depression, though whether type 2 diabetes is associated with depression may depend on awareness of the diagnosis. We explored the association between fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (undiagnosed and diagnosed) and depression in middle-aged men. METHODS:Participants were 4293 US veterans who underwent an examination during which fasting blood glucose was measured, major depression diagnosed using DSM-III criteria, and depressive symptoms assessed with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scale for depression. RESULTS: Compared with those with normal fasting glucose, men with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes had nearly double the odds of major depression, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.80 (1.01, 3.22), and men with diagnosed diabetes had triple the odds of major depression, 3.82 (1.68, 8.70), after adjustment for confounding variables. Men with undiagnosed or diagnosed diabetes had higher MMPI depression scores. There was no curvilinear association between fasting glucose and depression (p > .45). CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support a U-shaped association between fasting glucose and depression. They suggest that the positive association between type 2 diabetes and depression extends beyond those who are aware they have the disease.
Authors: Karolina Wesołowska; Marko Elovainio; Taina Hintsa; Markus Jokela; Laura Pulkki-Råback; Niina Pitkänen; Jari Lipsanen; Janne Tukiainen; Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen; Terho Lehtimäki; Markus Juonala; Olli Raitakari; Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen Journal: Int J Behav Med Date: 2017-12
Authors: Tasnime N Akbaraly; Meena Kumari; Jenny Head; Karen Ritchie; Marie-Laure Ancelin; Adam G Tabák; Eric Brunner; Isabelle Chaudieu; Michael G Marmot; Jane E Ferrie; Martin J Shipley; Mika Kivimäki Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2012-12-10 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Pekka Mäntyselkä; Katariina Korniloff; Timo Saaristo; Hannu Koponen; Johan Eriksson; Hannu Puolijoki; Markku Timonen; Jouko Sundvall; Hannu Kautiainen; Mauno Vanhala Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2010-10-07 Impact factor: 19.112