INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to determine the trend of malaria, the epidemiological characteristics, the frequency of local transmission and the preventive and control measures taken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed the epidemiological records of all reported malaria cases maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, from 1983 to 2007 and the Anopheles vector surveillance data collected by the National Environment Agency during the same period. RESULTS: The annual incidence of reported malaria ranged from 2.9 to 11.1 per 100,000 population, with a sharp decline observed after 1997. There were 38 deaths, 92.1% due to falciparum malaria and 7.9% due to vivax malaria. Of the reported cases, 91.4% to 98.3% were imported, with about 90% originating from Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Among the various population groups with imported malaria, the proportion of cases involving work permit/employment pass holders had increased, while that of local residents had decreased. Between 74.8% and 95.1% of the local residents with imported malaria did not take personal chemoprophylaxis when they travelled overseas. Despite the extremely low Anopheles vector population, a total of 29 local outbreaks involving 196 cases occurred. Most of the larger outbreaks could be traced to foreign workers with imported relapsing vivax malaria and who did not seek medical treatment early. One of the outbreaks of 3 cases in 2007 was caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, a newly recognised simian malaria which was probably acquired in a forested area where long-tail macaques had been sighted. CONCLUSIONS: Singapore remains both vulnerable and receptive to the reintroduction of malaria and a high level of vigilance should be maintained indefinitely to prevent the re-establishment of endemicity. Medical practitioners should highlight the risk of malaria to travellers visiting endemic areas and also consider the possibility of simian malaria in a patient who has no recent travel history and presenting with daily fever spikes and with malaria parasite morphologically similar to that of P. malariae.
INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to determine the trend of malaria, the epidemiological characteristics, the frequency of local transmission and the preventive and control measures taken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed the epidemiological records of all reported malaria cases maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, from 1983 to 2007 and the Anopheles vector surveillance data collected by the National Environment Agency during the same period. RESULTS: The annual incidence of reported malaria ranged from 2.9 to 11.1 per 100,000 population, with a sharp decline observed after 1997. There were 38 deaths, 92.1% due to falciparum malaria and 7.9% due to vivax malaria. Of the reported cases, 91.4% to 98.3% were imported, with about 90% originating from Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Among the various population groups with imported malaria, the proportion of cases involving work permit/employment pass holders had increased, while that of local residents had decreased. Between 74.8% and 95.1% of the local residents with imported malaria did not take personal chemoprophylaxis when they travelled overseas. Despite the extremely low Anopheles vector population, a total of 29 local outbreaks involving 196 cases occurred. Most of the larger outbreaks could be traced to foreign workers with imported relapsing vivax malaria and who did not seek medical treatment early. One of the outbreaks of 3 cases in 2007 was caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, a newly recognised simian malaria which was probably acquired in a forested area where long-tail macaques had been sighted. CONCLUSIONS: Singapore remains both vulnerable and receptive to the reintroduction of malaria and a high level of vigilance should be maintained indefinitely to prevent the re-establishment of endemicity. Medical practitioners should highlight the risk of malaria to travellers visiting endemic areas and also consider the possibility of simian malaria in a patient who has no recent travel history and presenting with daily fever spikes and with malaria parasite morphologically similar to that of P. malariae.
Authors: Michelle S Hsiang; Michael Lin; Christian Dokomajilar; Jordan Kemere; Christopher D Pilcher; Grant Dorsey; Bryan Greenhouse Journal: J Clin Microbiol Date: 2010-08-04 Impact factor: 5.948
Authors: Vernon J Lee; Samuel Ow; Harold Heah; Meng Yaw Tan; Patrick Lam; Lee-Ching Ng; Sai Gek Lam-Phua; Abdul Qadir Imran; Benjamin Seet Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg Date: 2010-06 Impact factor: 2.345
Authors: Bruno Moonen; Justin M Cohen; Robert W Snow; Laurence Slutsker; Chris Drakeley; David L Smith; Rabindra R Abeyasinghe; Mario Henry Rodriguez; Rajendra Maharaj; Marcel Tanner; Geoffrey Targett Journal: Lancet Date: 2010-10-28 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Richard G A Feachem; Allison A Phillips; Jimee Hwang; Chris Cotter; Benjamin Wielgosz; Brian M Greenwood; Oliver Sabot; Mario Henry Rodriguez; Rabindra R Abeyasinghe; Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus; Robert W Snow Journal: Lancet Date: 2010-10-28 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: David L Smith; Justin M Cohen; Christinah Chiyaka; Geoffrey Johnston; Peter W Gething; Roly Gosling; Caroline O Buckee; Ramanan Laxminarayan; Simon I Hay; Andrew J Tatem Journal: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Date: 2013-06-24 Impact factor: 6.237