Axon responses of embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons to semaphorins 3A and 3C.

Class 3 Semaphorins are a subfamily of chemotropic molecules implicated in the projection of dopaminergic neurons from the ventral mesencephalon and in the formation of the nigrostriatal pathway (NSP) during embryonic development. In humans, loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons leads to Parkinson's disease (PD). Cell replacement therapy with dopaminergic neurons generated from embryonic stem cells (ES-TH(+)) is being actively explored in models of PD. Among several requisites for this approach to work are adequate reconstruction of the NSP and correct innervation of normal striatal targets by dopaminergic axons. In this work, we characterized the response of ES-TH(+) neurons to semaphorins 3A, 3C, and 3F and compared it with that of tyrosine hidroxylase-positive neurons (TH(+)) obtained from embryonic ventral mesencephalon (VM-TH(+)). We observed that similar proportions of ES-TH(+) and VM-TH(+) neurons express semaphorin receptors neuropilins 1 and 2. Furthermore, the axons of both populations responded very similarly to semaphorin exposure: semaphorin 3A increased axon length, and semaphorin 3C attracted axons and increased their length. These effects were mediated by neuropilins, insofar as addition of blocking antibodies against these proteins reduced the effects on axonal growth and attraction, and only TH(+) axons expressing neuropilins responded to the semaphorins analyzed. The observations reported here show phenotypic similarities between VM-TH(+) and ES-TH(+) neurons and suggest that semaphorins 3A and 3C could be employed to guide axons of grafted ES-TH(+) in therapeutic protocols for PD. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.