| Literature DB >> 19855013 |
Aristidis Moustakas1, Carl-Henrik Heldin.
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFbeta ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFbeta family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFbeta signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.Entities:
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Year: 2009 PMID: 19855013 DOI: 10.1242/dev.030338
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Development ISSN: 0950-1991 Impact factor: 6.868