Site-specific self-assembled liquid-gated ZnO nanowire transistors for sensing applications.

A scalable bottom-up solution-based approach for the site-specific realization of ZnO nanowire (ZnO-NW)-based field-effect transistors for sensing applications in liquids is reported. The nanowires are grown across predefined electrodes patterned by photolithography. Site specificity is attained by the use of nanoparticles acting as seeds. Using integrated on-chip microchannels and microfabricated gate electrodes, electrochemically gated ZnO-NW network transistors functioning in liquids are demonstrated. The optimized devices are rendered sensitive to pH through chemical functionalization. The unique combination of the sensitivity, site specificity, scalability, and cost effectiveness of the technique opens up avenues for the routine realization of one-dimensional nanostructure-based chemical and biosensors for analytical and diagnostic applications.