Developing scales for measuring gender behaviors in reproductive health in rural China.

This article introduces two scales for measuring the gender-specific burden of family planning (FP) and reproductive health (RH) in rural China, following the implementation of a client-oriented approach to FP/RH. One scale (GHRHS-SC) measures FP/RH clients to examine whether gender influences FP/RH behaviors. The other scale (GHRHS-SP) measures service provider interactions with service clients to gauge whether FP/RH institutions are fulfilling the client-oriented mandate. The content of scales was developed through inductive analysis conducted on data generated from focus groups and in-depth interviews. The validation of the scales was confirmed with item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. To generate data for validation purposes, we employed a stratified cluster sampling method for a sample of service providers and a stratified multistage method for a sample of service clients. The analytical results indicate that the scales possess good internal consistency, reliability, and overall validity. The construct validity for the GHRHS-SP needs some improvement. Both the GHRHS-SC and GHRHS-SP are valid instruments for measuring gender differences in FP/RH behavior, though further refinements would be beneficial.