Pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous and oral dose of pafenolol--a beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with atypical absorption and disposition properties--in man.

The pharmacokinetics of pafenolol were studied in eight young healthy individuals. The doses were 10 mg iv and 40 mg orally. Each dose was labeled with 100 microCi [3H]pafenolol. The plasma concentration-time curve of the oral dose exhibited dual maxima. The second peak was about four times higher than the first one. Maximum concentrations were attained after 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 3.7 +/- 0.6 hr. The mean bioavailability (F) of the oral dose was 27.5 +/- 15.5%. The reduction in F was due mainly to incomplete gastrointestinal absorption. The drug was rapidly distributed to extravascular sites; t1/2 lambda 1 was 6.6 +/- 1.8 min. The volumes of distribution were Vc = 0.22 +/- 0.08 liter/kg, Vss = 0.94 +/- 0.17 liter/kg, and Vz = 1.1 +/- 0.16 liters/kg. The iv dose of pafenolol was excreted in unchanged form in the urine to 55.6 +/- 5.1% of the given dose and in the feces to 23.8 +/- 5.7% within 72 hr. The corresponding recoveries of the oral dose were 15.8 +/- 5.9 and 67.0 +/- 10.2%, respectively. About 10% of both doses was recovered as metabolites in the excreta. Approximately 6% of the oral dose was metabolized to nonabsorbable compounds in the intestine. The mean total plasma clearance was 294 +/- 57 ml/min, of which renal clearance, metabolic clearance, and gastrointestinal and/or biliary clearance were responsible for 165 +/- 31, 31 +/- 15, and 95 +/- 32 ml/min, respectively. The half-life of the terminal phase determined from plasma levels up to 24 hr after dosing was 3.1 +/- 0.3 hr for the iv dose and 6.7 +/- 0.7 hr for the oral dose.