A barley Hordoindoline mutation resulted in an increase in grain hardness.

Barley seed proteins, Hordoindolines, are homologues of wheat Puroindolines, which are associated with grain hardness. Barley Hordoindoline genes are known to comprise Hina and Hinb, and Hinb consists of two Hinb genes, Hinb-1 and Hinb-2. Two types of allele were found for Hina, Hinb-1 and Hinb-2 genes, respectively, among Japanese two- and six-rowed barley lines. One of the alleles of Hinb-2 (Hinb-2b) had a frame-shift mutation resulting in an in-frame stop codon. For two-rowed barley lines, grain hardness was significantly higher among lines with the Hinb-2b than those with the wild type Hinb-2 gene (Hinb-2a). Protein spots corresponding to HINa, HINb-1, and HINb-2 were identified by 2D-gel electrophoresis among barley lines with Hinb-2a. Among the lines with Hinb-2b, HINa and HINb-1 were expressed at similar levels as those in the wild type, but HINb-2 was not detected. A DNA (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) marker was developed to distinguish between the Hinb-2a and Hinb-2b gene sequences. Analysis of grain hardness among F(2) lines derived from a cross between a line with Hinb-2a (Shikoku hadaka 115) and a line with the Hinb-2b (Shikoku hadaka 84) showed significantly higher grain hardness in the mutant lines. From these results, the Hinb-2b frame-shift (null) mutation might play a critical role in barley grain hardness. The DNA marker will be useful in barley breeding to select lines having harder grain texture.