Soil bacterial communities in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater using PCR-DGGE technique.

Marsh-pond-marsh (MPM) constructed wetlands were designed for the treatment of swine wastewater. The goal of this study was to characterize bacterial communities in these wetlands and determine the nutrient removal from influent to effluent. Surface soil samples were collected and analyzed by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. The results showed that the bacterial colony forming units (CFU) and the average concentrations of total nitrogen, NH(4)(+), total phosphorous (TP) and PO(4)(3-) from the influent to the effluent decreased. The NH(4)(+) and the PO(4)(3-) concentrations showed the most dramatic changes, with decreases of 39.97% and 16.92%, respectively. Data of culture-independent samples produced by using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique showed that the Shannon diversity index and richness decreased significantly (P<0.05) from influent to effluent. Bacterium species distributions strongly correlated with the concentrations of TP, NH(4)(+) and the PO(4)(3-). Sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes fragments revealed that the total bacterial community composition was dominated by Pseudomonas sp., Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp. and other soil bacteria. Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) stains were detected. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that some of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences had close relationships with unculturable denitrification bacteria. The activities of these bacteria might contribute to the nutrient removal in the wetlands.