PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify sex- and gender-based differences in ocular anatomy, physiology, and disease susceptibility or manifestation. METHODS: Review of current indexed literature was conducted. RESULTS: Sex and sex hormones influence the lacrimal system, eyelids and blinking, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, uveitis and retinal disease, ocular circulation, and optic nerve anatomy and disease. Systemic conditions, particularly autoimmune disease, and conditions that are unique to women, such as pregnancy and menopause, further illustrate the effects of sex hormones on the eye. Gender-based differences in ocular conditions and disease should be considered within the context of the underlying physical and social environment. CONCLUSIONS: Many sex- and gender-based differences exist in healthy and diseased eyes.
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify sex- and gender-based differences in ocular anatomy, physiology, and disease susceptibility or manifestation. METHODS: Review of current indexed literature was conducted. RESULTS: Sex and sex hormones influence the lacrimal system, eyelids and blinking, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, uveitis and retinal disease, ocular circulation, and optic nerve anatomy and disease. Systemic conditions, particularly autoimmune disease, and conditions that are unique to women, such as pregnancy and menopause, further illustrate the effects of sex hormones on the eye. Gender-based differences in ocular conditions and disease should be considered within the context of the underlying physical and social environment. CONCLUSIONS: Many sex- and gender-based differences exist in healthy and diseased eyes.
Authors: Mei Du; Colleen A Mangold; Georgina V Bixler; Robert M Brucklacher; Dustin R Masser; Michael B Stout; Michael H Elliott; Willard M Freeman Journal: Mol Vis Date: 2017-10-10 Impact factor: 2.367
Authors: Anca Hermenean; Maria Consiglia Trotta; Sami Gharbia; Andrei Gelu Hermenean; Victor Eduard Peteu; Cornel Balta; Coralia Cotoraci; Carlo Gesualdo; Settimio Rossi; Mihaela Gherghiceanu; Michele D'Amico Journal: Front Pharmacol Date: 2021-01-13 Impact factor: 5.810
Authors: Daniel Wa Noble; Shinichi Nakagawa; Susanne Rk Zajitschek; Felix Zajitschek; Russell Bonduriansky; Robert C Brooks; Will Cornwell; Daniel S Falster; Malgorzata Lagisz; Jeremy Mason; Alistair M Senior Journal: Elife Date: 2020-11-17 Impact factor: 8.140