Effects of caffeine and coffee consumption on cardiovascular disease and risk factors.

Clinical and observational studies have recently reported that coffee consumption is associated with cardiac arrhythmia, with increased serum cholesterol, blood pressure and affected heart rate variability, leading to an increased cardiovascular risk. Analysis of these papers shows that these data are controversial and strongly depend on methodology. Recent reports demonstrate the beneficial effects of coffee consumption due to anti-inflammatory actions mediated by antioxidant compound of the beverages.