Inflammation, autoimmunity, and atherosclerosis.

Historically atherosclerosis has been viewed as a disease associated with dyslipidemia because many studies (e.g., Framingham study) have demonstrated that dyslipidemia is clearly a risk factor for the disease and lipid-lowering statin therapies have proven to be highly effective in reducing the cardiovascular events and improving the quality of life for patients with coronary heart disease all over the world. Over the last decade, both preclinical and clinical research has provided multiple lines of unequivocal evidence that inflammation and immune response are integral components of the pathogenesis for atherosclerosis. In this article, both clinical and preclinical evidence in support of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease will be reviewed. Evidence in support of atherosclerosis as an autoimmune disease will also be presented. Furthermore, opportunities for translating the newly gained knowledge of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory/autoimmune disease into novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities will be discussed along with challenges in developing these modalities.