Expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat lungs by intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles.

Since nanoparticles easily agglomerate to form larger particles, it is important to maintain the size of their agglomerates at the nano-level to evaluate the harmful effect of the nanoparticles. We prevented agglomeration of nickel oxide nanoparticles by ultrasound diffusion and filtration, established an acute exposure model using animals, and examined inflammation and chemokine expression. The mass median diameter of nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates suspended in distilled water for intratracheal instillation was 26 nm (8.41 nm weighted average surface primary diameter). Male Wistar rats received intratracheal instillation of nickel oxide nanoparticles at 0.1 mg (0.33 mg/kg) or 0.2 mg (0.66 mg/kg), and were dissected 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the instillation. The control group received intratracheal instillation of distilled water. Three chemokines (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1), CINC-2alphabeta, and CINC-3) in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by quantitative measurement of protein by ELISA. Both CINC-1 and CINC-2alphabeta concentration was elevated from day 3 to 3 months in lung tissue and from day 3 to 6 months in BALF. On the other hand, CINC-3 was elevated on day 3 in both lung tissue and BALF, and then decreased. The total cell and neutrophil counts in BALF were increased from day 3 to 3 months. In lung tissue, infiltration of mainly neutrophils and alveolar macrophages was observed from day 3 to 6 months in alveoli. These results suggest that CINC was involved in lung injury by nickel oxide nanoparticles.