Towards cost-effective strategies for treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in Japan.

There is a growing interest worldwide in making a more effective and efficient use of limited health care resources. Dialysis treatment in Japan and other countries is being confronted with increasing expenditure due to an aging population, coverage of new medical technologies, and an increase in the dialysis population. Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is an important issue related to the increased expenditure among dialysis patients because it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and results in a high economic burden. In recent years, several economic analyses on the treatment of CKD-MBD have been reported from Western countries. Given the longer dialysis vintage of Japanese patients, it is very important to conduct economic evaluation from a long-term viewpoint using clinical data on Japanese patients. This article reviews the recent literature on economic evaluation of CKD-MBD treatments and discusses the road ahead for cost-effectiveness analysis in Japanese dialysis patients with CKD-MBD.