Influence of intrinsic signals and environmental cues on the endocrine control of feeding in fish: potential application in aquaculture.

Optimization of food consumption and ultimately growth are major concerns for aquaculture. In fish, food intake is regulated by several hormones produced by both brain and peripheral tissues. Changes in feeding behavior and appetite usually occur through the modulation of the gene expression and/or action of these appetite-regulating hormones and can be due not only to variations in intrinsic factors such as nutritional/metabolic or reproductive status, but also to changes in environmental factors, such as temperature and photoperiod. In addition, the gene expression and/or plasma levels of appetite-regulating hormones might also display daily as well as circannual (seasonal) rhythms. Despite recent advances, our current understanding of the regulation of feeding in fish is still limited. We give here a brief overview of our current knowledge of the endocrine regulation of feeding in fish and describe how a better understanding of appetite-related hormones in fish might lead to the development of sustainable aquaculture. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.