Template-directed porous electrodes in electroanalysis.

Nano- and/or macrostructuring of electrode surfaces has recently emerged as a powerful method of improving the performances of electrochemical devices by enhancing both molecular accessibility and rapid mass transport via diffusion, by increasing the electroactive surface area in comparison to the geometric one, and/or by providing confinement platforms for hosting suitable reagents. This brief overview highlights how template technology offers advantages in terms of designing new types of porous electrodes-mostly based on thin films, and functionalized or not-and discusses their use in analytical chemistry via some recent examples from the literature on electrochemical sensors and biosensors.