Determination of pesticide transformation products: a review of extraction and detection methods.

Pesticides are widely applied and they can produce a variety of transformation products (TPs), through different pathways and mechanisms. Nowadays there is a growing interest related to the determination of pesticide TPs in several matrices (environmental, food and biological samples), due to these compounds can be more toxic and persistent than parent compounds, and some of them can be used as markers of exposure to different pesticides. Although solid-phase extraction (SPE) is mainly used for the extraction of TPs, alternative techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid-phase extraction (LPE) can be used. These TPs are mainly determined by liquid chromatography (LC) due to the recent developments in this technique, especially when it is coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) detectors, allowing the determination of known and/or unknown TPs. Furthermore, MS is a very valuable tool for the structural elucidation of unknown TPs. This review discusses all phases of analytical procedure, including sample treatment and analysis, indicating the main problems related to the extraction of TPs from several matrices due to their high polarity, as well as the different alternatives found for the simultaneous determination of parent compounds and TPs, using chromatographic techniques coupled to MS detection.