Increase in malignancies as cause of death in renal transplant patients.

The Andalusian Kidney Transplant Registry is a Public Health Service Regional Registry of Andalusia, Spain. We have analyzed the causes of death among 5599 kidney transplantations performed between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 2007. The total number of patients who died after renal transplantation was 1106. Of these, 656 patients died with functioning renal grafts, which constituted the group analyzed in this study. No significant differences in the causes of death were observed as a function of age, sex, retransplant status, cause of end-stage renal disease, diabetes, and duration of the previous renal replacement therapy. Infections were the most frequent cause of death in the first year posttransplantation (early deaths). A significant difference was observed when these early deaths were compared with those that occurred after the first year posttransplantation (late deaths); there were fewer deaths due to infections (40.4% vs 15.9%, early vs late) and more deaths from cancer (4.9% vs 23.7%). The causes of death in the period 1984-1995 were compared with those in 1996-2007, excluding the deaths that occurred more than 12 years posttransplantation (not possible in the 1996-2007 periods n = 583). The causes of early death did not change. A significant difference was observed among late deaths with an increase in infections (14% vs 17%) and cancers (20% vs 29.7%). Thus, malignancies became the most frequent cause of late death in the 1996-2007 period. In conclusion, in our region, a long-term change in renal transplant patient mortality is taking place, with a significant increase in deaths due to cancer.