Matrix suppression and analyte suppression effects of quaternary ammonium salts in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: an investigation of suppression mechanism.

In the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) analysis of some quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), very clean spectra of the quaternary ammonium ions were recorded with a strong matrix suppression effect (MSE). The QASs also showed a considerable analyte suppression effect (ASE). It was demonstrated that the MSE and ASE of the QASs can be explained well by the cluster ionization model. According to this model, MALDI ions are formed from charged matrix/analyte clusters. Various analyte ions and matrix ions might coexist in the cluster, and they will compete for the limited number of net charges available. If enough quaternary ammonium ions are present in the cluster, they will take away the net charges, thus resulting in the MSE and ASE. Our results also suggest that 'the cluster ionization model' is not in conflict with 'the theory of ionization via secondary gas-phase reactions'. The initial MALDI ions produced from charged matrix/analyte clusters will collide with other molecules or ions in the MALDI plume. Depending on the properties of the initial ions and the composition of the MALDI plume, secondary gas-phase reactions might result from these collisions. The final ions observed are the combined results of 'cluster ionization' and 'ionization via secondary gas-phase reactions'. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.