BACKGROUND: Recent evidence from very rare human diseases suggests that variation in the fetal genome can modify maternal physiology during pregnancy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that fetal sex as a major genetic variant of the fetal genome may affect maternal physiology during pregnancy in genetically susceptible pregnant women. METHODS: We analyzed the impact of fetal sex on maternal physiology during pregnancy in relationship with the maternal PROGINS progesterone receptor gene polymorphism. Two thousand and eighty-nine (2089) Caucasian women without preexisting diabetes and preexisting hypertension with singleton pregnancies delivering consecutively at the Charité obstetrics department participated in this study. RESULTS: The maternal PROGINS progesterone receptor polymorphism on its own had no effect on blood pressure, new onset of proteinuria, and total glycated hemoglobin at delivery. However, by considering the offspring's sex, the AA variant of the PROGINS progesterone receptor polymorphism was associated with profound cardiovascular/metabolic effects; mothers carrying both A alleles (AA genotype) delivering a boy had significantly lower systolic blood pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy versus AA mothers delivering girls (107.9+/-10.2 vs. 116.6+/-15.1 mmHg, P = 0.044). Diastolic blood pressure was similarly lower during the first trimester of pregnant AA women delivering boys in comparison with AA women delivering girls (63.4+/-5.7 vs. 68.2+/-10.9 mmHg, P = 0.032). Total glycated hemoglobin at delivery was significantly (P = 0.002) higher in AA mothers delivering boys (6.6+/-0.7%) versus AA mothers delivering girls (5.9+/-0.6%). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that fetal sex may substantially affect maternal blood pressure as well as glycemic control during pregnancy in genetically susceptible mothers.
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence from very rare human diseases suggests that variation in the fetal genome can modify maternal physiology during pregnancy. Here, we tested the hypothesis that fetal sex as a major genetic variant of the fetal genome may affect maternal physiology during pregnancy in genetically susceptible pregnant women. METHODS: We analyzed the impact of fetal sex on maternal physiology during pregnancy in relationship with the maternal PROGINS progesterone receptor gene polymorphism. Two thousand and eighty-nine (2089) Caucasian women without preexisting diabetes and preexisting hypertension with singleton pregnancies delivering consecutively at the Charité obstetrics department participated in this study. RESULTS: The maternal PROGINS progesterone receptor polymorphism on its own had no effect on blood pressure, new onset of proteinuria, and total glycated hemoglobin at delivery. However, by considering the offspring's sex, the AA variant of the PROGINS progesterone receptor polymorphism was associated with profound cardiovascular/metabolic effects; mothers carrying both A alleles (AA genotype) delivering a boy had significantly lower systolic blood pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy versus AA mothers delivering girls (107.9+/-10.2 vs. 116.6+/-15.1 mmHg, P = 0.044). Diastolic blood pressure was similarly lower during the first trimester of pregnant AA women delivering boys in comparison with AA women delivering girls (63.4+/-5.7 vs. 68.2+/-10.9 mmHg, P = 0.032). Total glycated hemoglobin at delivery was significantly (P = 0.002) higher in AA mothers delivering boys (6.6+/-0.7%) versus AA mothers delivering girls (5.9+/-0.6%). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that fetal sex may substantially affect maternal blood pressure as well as glycemic control during pregnancy in genetically susceptible mothers.
Authors: Anil V Nair; Berthold Hocher; Sjoerd Verkaart; Femke van Zeeland; Thiemo Pfab; Torsten Slowinski; You-Peng Chen; Karl Peter Schlingmann; André Schaller; Sabina Gallati; René J Bindels; Martin Konrad; Joost G Hoenderop Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2012-06-25 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Clive J Petry; Nuria Sanz Marcos; Gracielle Pimentel; M Geoffrey Hayes; Michael Nodzenski; Denise M Scholtens; Ieuan A Hughes; Carlo L Acerini; Ken K Ong; William L Lowe; David B Dunger Journal: Hypertension Date: 2016-10-24 Impact factor: 10.190
Authors: Clive J Petry; Rachel V Seear; Dianne L Wingate; Lucy Manico; Carlo L Acerini; Ken K Ong; Ieuan A Hughes; David B Dunger Journal: Diabetes Date: 2011-09-16 Impact factor: 9.461
Authors: Ralf J P van der Valk; Eskil Kreiner-Møller; Marjolein N Kooijman; Mònica Guxens; Evangelia Stergiakouli; Annika Sääf; Jonathan P Bradfield; Frank Geller; M Geoffrey Hayes; Diana L Cousminer; Antje Körner; Elisabeth Thiering; John A Curtin; Ronny Myhre; Ville Huikari; Raimo Joro; Marjan Kerkhof; Nicole M Warrington; Niina Pitkänen; Ioanna Ntalla; Momoko Horikoshi; Riitta Veijola; Rachel M Freathy; Yik-Ying Teo; Sheila J Barton; David M Evans; John P Kemp; Beate St Pourcain; Susan M Ring; George Davey Smith; Anna Bergström; Inger Kull; Hakon Hakonarson; Frank D Mentch; Hans Bisgaard; Bo Chawes; Jakob Stokholm; Johannes Waage; Patrick Eriksen; Astrid Sevelsted; Mads Melbye; Cornelia M van Duijn; Carolina Medina-Gomez; Albert Hofman; Johan C de Jongste; H Rob Taal; André G Uitterlinden; Loren L Armstrong; Johan Eriksson; Aarno Palotie; Mariona Bustamante; Xavier Estivill; Juan R Gonzalez; Sabrina Llop; Wieland Kiess; Anubha Mahajan; Claudia Flexeder; Carla M T Tiesler; Clare S Murray; Angela Simpson; Per Magnus; Verena Sengpiel; Anna-Liisa Hartikainen; Sirkka Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi; Alexandra Lewin; Alexessander Da Silva Couto Alves; Alexandra I Blakemore; Jessica L Buxton; Marika Kaakinen; Alina Rodriguez; Sylvain Sebert; Marja Vaarasmaki; Timo Lakka; Virpi Lindi; Ulrike Gehring; Dirkje S Postma; Wei Ang; John P Newnham; Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen; Katja Pahkala; Olli T Raitakari; Kalliope Panoutsopoulou; Eleftheria Zeggini; Dorret I Boomsma; Maria Groen-Blokhuis; Jorma Ilonen; Lude Franke; Joel N Hirschhorn; Tune H Pers; Liming Liang; Jinyan Huang; Berthold Hocher; Mikael Knip; Seang-Mei Saw; John W Holloway; Erik Melén; Struan F A Grant; Bjarke Feenstra; William L Lowe; Elisabeth Widén; Elena Sergeyev; Harald Grallert; Adnan Custovic; Bo Jacobsson; Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin; Mustafa Atalay; Gerard H Koppelman; Craig E Pennell; Harri Niinikoski; George V Dedoussis; Mark I Mccarthy; Timothy M Frayling; Jordi Sunyer; Nicholas J Timpson; Fernando Rivadeneira; Klaus Bønnelykke; Vincent W V Jaddoe Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 2014-10-03 Impact factor: 6.150