Metal-enhanced chemiluminescence: advanced chemiluminescence concepts for the 21st century.

Chemiluminescent-based detection is entrenched throughout the biosciences today, such as in blotting, analyte and protein quantification and detection. While the biological applications of chemiluminescence are forever growing, the underlying principles of using a probe, an oxidizer and a catalyst (biological, organic or inorganic) have remained mostly unchanged for decades. Subsequently, chemiluminescence-based detection is fundamentally limited by the classical photochemical properties of reaction yield, quantum yield, etc. However, over the last 5 years, a new technology has emerged which looks set to fundamentally change the way we both think about and use chemiluminescence today. Metal surface plasmons can amplify chemiluminescence signatures, while low-power microwaves can complete reactions within seconds. In addition, thin metal films can convert spatially isotopic chemiluminescence into directional emission. In this forward looking tutorial review, we survey what could well be the next-generation chemiluminescent-based technologies.