Proteomic analysis of changes in mitochondrial protein expression during fruit senescence.

Fruit senescence has been reported to be an oxidative phenomenon, but the detailed mechanisms by which ROS regulate this process remain largely unknown. Here we show that senescence process of apple fruit was concomitant with the dynamic alterations in the mitochondrial proteome. Mitochondrial proteins involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport chain, carbon metabolism, and stress response were found to be differentially expressed during fruit senescence. Alleviating oxidative stress by lowering the ambient oxygen concentration noticeably decreased the number of changed proteins and delayed fruit senescence, indicating the involvement of ROS in this process. To further investigate the regulatory effect of ROS on senescence process, we analyzed the mitochondrial proteome variations upon exposure to high oxygen (100%), which induces oxidative stress and accelerates fruit senescence. High oxygen treatment led to a further identification of differentially expressed proteins such as mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, an antioxidant scavenging superoxide radicals produced in the mitochondria. Activity of manganese superoxide dismutase was reduced after high oxygen exposure, accompanied by an increase in oxidative protein carbonylation (damaged proteins). These data suggest that ROS may regulate fruit senescence by changing expression profiles of specific mitochondrial proteins and impairing the biological function of these proteins.