[Urology and National Socialism illustrated by the example of Leopold Casper (1859-1959)].

Leopold Casper (1859-1959) was one of the founders of the German Urological Society (DGfU) in 1906. He introduced functional kidney testing and a special cystoscope for ureteral catheterization. In 1913 he was president of the 4th congress held in the German capital Berlin. His textbook on genito-urinary diseases was translated by Charles W. Bonney in 1910 and proved the high quality of his scientific work. As a Jew he was forced to leave Nazi Germany later on in 1933 and from 1941 onwards he lived in New York. The anniversary of his 150th birthday should be remembered with special focus on the exodus of Jewish German scientists during the Nazi period.