Update on cystic fibrosis-related bone disease: a special focus on children.

A high prevalence of low bone mineralization is documented in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Osteopenia is present in up to 85% of adult patients and osteoporosis in 10% to 34%. In children, study results are discordant probably because of comparisons to different control populations and corrections for bone size in growing children. Malnutrition, inflammation, vitamin D and vitamin K deficiency, altered sex hormone production, glucocorticoid therapy, and physical inactivity are well known risk factors for poor bone health. Puberty is a critical period for bone mineralization and requires a careful follow-up to achieve optimal bone peak mass. Strategies for optimizing bone health, such as monitoring bone mineral density (BMD) and providing preventive care are necessary from childhood through adolescence to minimize CF-related bone disease in adult CF patients.