BACKGROUND: The 2006 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines recommend using particulate matter having a diameter of under 2.5 micra (PM(2.5)) rather than PM(10) as an indicator of air particle concentration, a pattern followed by new European directives. Nevertheless, few studies have analysed this new indicator's impact at a European level on daily mortality among a high-risk group, such as persons aged over 75 years. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to analyse and quantify the effect of PM(2.5) on daily cause-specific mortality among the over-75 age group in the city of Madrid. METHODS: Using Poisson regression with Generalized Additive Models (GAM), a longitudinal, ecological time-series study examined the following causes of death: all causes except accidents (International Classification of Diseases-9th revision (ICD 9): 1-799); circulatory causes (ICD 9: 390-459); and respiratory causes (ICD 9: 460-519). These were adjusted for other chemical, biotic and acoustic pollutants. Further control variables considered were: trend; seasonality; influenza epidemics; and autocorrelation between mortality series. RESULTS: A significant statistical association was detected between daily mean PM(2.5) particle concentrations and all-cause mortality in the city of Madrid. This association was not in evidence for PM(10) concentrations. The Relative Risks found for an increase of 25 microg/m(3) in PM(2.5) concentrations were as follows: all-cause mortality, 1.057 (1.025-1.088); circulatory-cause mortality, 1.088 (1.041-1.135); and respiratory-cause mortality, 1.122 (1.056-1.189). The Attributable Risks were 5.41%, 8.12% and 10.90% respectively. This effect was observed in the short term (lags 1-2). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a strong impact of PM(2.5) concentrations on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid, and underscore the need for measures aimed at lowering the concentration levels of this primary air pollutant in large cities, particularly by reducing motor vehicle traffic, the main source of such pollutant emission in urban atmospheres.
BACKGROUND: The 2006 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines recommend using particulate matter having a diameter of under 2.5 micra (PM(2.5)) rather than PM(10) as an indicator of air particle concentration, a pattern followed by new European directives. Nevertheless, few studies have analysed this new indicator's impact at a European level on daily mortality among a high-risk group, such as persons aged over 75 years. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to analyse and quantify the effect of PM(2.5) on daily cause-specific mortality among the over-75 age group in the city of Madrid. METHODS: Using Poisson regression with Generalized Additive Models (GAM), a longitudinal, ecological time-series study examined the following causes of death: all causes except accidents (International Classification of Diseases-9th revision (ICD 9): 1-799); circulatory causes (ICD 9: 390-459); and respiratory causes (ICD 9: 460-519). These were adjusted for other chemical, biotic and acoustic pollutants. Further control variables considered were: trend; seasonality; influenza epidemics; and autocorrelation between mortality series. RESULTS: A significant statistical association was detected between daily mean PM(2.5) particle concentrations and all-cause mortality in the city of Madrid. This association was not in evidence for PM(10) concentrations. The Relative Risks found for an increase of 25 microg/m(3) in PM(2.5) concentrations were as follows: all-cause mortality, 1.057 (1.025-1.088); circulatory-cause mortality, 1.088 (1.041-1.135); and respiratory-cause mortality, 1.122 (1.056-1.189). The Attributable Risks were 5.41%, 8.12% and 10.90% respectively. This effect was observed in the short term (lags 1-2). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a strong impact of PM(2.5) concentrations on daily mortality among the over-75 age group in Madrid, and underscore the need for measures aimed at lowering the concentration levels of this primary air pollutant in large cities, particularly by reducing motor vehicle traffic, the main source of such pollutant emission in urban atmospheres.
Authors: Isidro Juan Miron; Cristina Linares; Juan Carlos Montero; Juan Jose Criado-Alvarez; Julio Díaz Journal: Int J Biometeorol Date: 2014-11-16 Impact factor: 3.787
Authors: Mohammad Miri; Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval; Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush; Amir Mohammadi; Ali Toolabi; Ali Nikonahad; Zahra Derakhshan; Ali Abdollahnejad Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Date: 2017-05-29 Impact factor: 4.223
Authors: Bowen Cheng; Jianding Zhou; Yuxia Ma; Yifan Zhang; Hang Wang; Yan Chen; Jiahui Shen; Fengliu Feng Journal: J Environ Health Sci Eng Date: 2022-01-08
Authors: Junfang Cai; Shuyuan Yu; Yingxin Pei; Chaoqiong Peng; Yuxue Liao; Ning Liu; Jiajia Ji; Jinquan Cheng Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-09-03 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Gerardo Sanchez Martinez; Julio Diaz; Hans Hooyberghs; Dirk Lauwaet; Koen De Ridder; Cristina Linares; Rocio Carmona; Cristina Ortiz; Vladimir Kendrovski; Raf Aerts; An Van Nieuwenhuyse; Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar Journal: Environ Int Date: 2017-12-20 Impact factor: 9.621