BACKGROUND: Psychosocial stress can be the cause or the consequence of hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between hypertension and anxiety or depression in adults from Hong Kong, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with diagnosed hypertension (n=197) were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. The control group comprised 182 normotensive subjects recruited using random telephone numbers. RESULTS: The score in the anxiety subscale (HADS-A) of the HADS correlated with age (r= -0.23, P<0.001) and sex (r=0.11, P=0.042), and was found to be higher in women. The score in the depression subscale (HADS-D) correlated with age (r=0.17, P=0.003) and hypertension (r=0.12, P=0.039), but not with sex (r=0.02, P=0.68). When the control subjects were matched for sex and age with the subjects with hypertension, the mean HADS-A score was 5.51+/-0.41 in 113 hypertensive subjects and 4.38+/-0.39 in 113 normotensive subjects (P=0.047). The mean HADS-D score was 5.56+/-0.39 in the hypertensive and 4.76+/-0.32 in the normotensive subjects (P=0.11). Multiple regression analysis using data from both groups indicated that the HADS-A score was related to the HADS-D score (beta=0.49, P<0.001), age (beta= -0.25, P<0.001) and sex (beta=0.12, P=0.01) (R(2)=0.28), whereas the HADS-D score was related to the HADS-A score (beta=0.48, P<0.001), age (beta=0.30, P<0.001), positive smoking status (beta=0.13, P=0.004) and lack of exercise habit (beta=0.12, P=0.008) (R(2)=0.31). Hypertension was related to waist circumference, history of parental hypertension and age (R(2)=0.38, P<0.001). Anxiety and depression scores were rejected as independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension was associated with anxiety but not depression; however, age, history of parental hypertension and central obesity appeared to have a stronger association with hypertension in adults from Hong Kong.
BACKGROUND: Psychosocial stress can be the cause or the consequence of hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between hypertension and anxiety or depression in adults from Hong Kong, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with diagnosed hypertension (n=197) were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. The control group comprised 182 normotensive subjects recruited using random telephone numbers. RESULTS: The score in the anxiety subscale (HADS-A) of the HADS correlated with age (r= -0.23, P<0.001) and sex (r=0.11, P=0.042), and was found to be higher in women. The score in the depression subscale (HADS-D) correlated with age (r=0.17, P=0.003) and hypertension (r=0.12, P=0.039), but not with sex (r=0.02, P=0.68). When the control subjects were matched for sex and age with the subjects with hypertension, the mean HADS-A score was 5.51+/-0.41 in 113 hypertensive subjects and 4.38+/-0.39 in 113 normotensive subjects (P=0.047). The mean HADS-D score was 5.56+/-0.39 in the hypertensive and 4.76+/-0.32 in the normotensive subjects (P=0.11). Multiple regression analysis using data from both groups indicated that the HADS-A score was related to the HADS-D score (beta=0.49, P<0.001), age (beta= -0.25, P<0.001) and sex (beta=0.12, P=0.01) (R(2)=0.28), whereas the HADS-D score was related to the HADS-A score (beta=0.48, P<0.001), age (beta=0.30, P<0.001), positive smoking status (beta=0.13, P=0.004) and lack of exercise habit (beta=0.12, P=0.008) (R(2)=0.31). Hypertension was related to waist circumference, history of parental hypertension and age (R(2)=0.38, P<0.001). Anxiety and depression scores were rejected as independent variables. CONCLUSIONS:Hypertension was associated with anxiety but not depression; however, age, history of parental hypertension and central obesity appeared to have a stronger association with hypertension in adults from Hong Kong.
Authors: S Paterniti; A Alpérovitch; P Ducimetière; M J Dealberto; J P Lépine; J C Bisserbe Journal: Psychosom Med Date: 1999 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 4.312
Authors: Jeffrey F Scherrer; Hong Xian; Kathleen K Bucholz; Seth A Eisen; Michael J Lyons; Jack Goldberg; Ming Tsuang; William R True Journal: Psychosom Med Date: 2003 Jul-Aug Impact factor: 4.312
Authors: Kala M Mehta; Eleanor M Simonsick; Brenda W J H Penninx; Richard Schulz; Susan M Rubin; Suzanne Satterfield; Kristine Yaffe Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2003-04 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: Nicola J Paine; Lana L Watkins; James A Blumenthal; Cynthia M Kuhn; Andrew Sherwood Journal: Psychosom Med Date: 2015 Feb-Mar Impact factor: 4.312
Authors: Mohammad Shoaib Hamrah; Mohammad Hassan Hamrah; Hideki Ishii; Susumu Suzuki; Mohammad Hussain Hamrah; Ahmad Edris Hamrah; Ahmad Elias Dahi; Kyosuke Takeshita; Maimaiti Yisireyili; Mohammad Hashem Hamrah; Akbar Fotouhi; Junichi Sakamoto; Toyoaki Murohara Journal: Int J Hypertens Date: 2018-08-01 Impact factor: 2.420