Collectins and fungal pathogens: roles of surfactant proteins and mannose binding lectin in host resistance.

Collectins, collagenous carbohydrate-binding proteins (C-type lectins), are recognized as important factors in non-specific innate immune responses to pathogens. By binding surface carbohydrate structures of pathogens, collectins modify the interaction between pathogens and the immune system. We review the structure of the lung surfactant proteins (SP) SP-A and SP-D, and the serum collectins, mannose binding lectins; the binding of these collectins to pathogen associated molecular patterns or ligands on pathogenic fungi; and the effect of collectin binding to opportunistic and primary fungal pathogens on the interaction with host defense cells, which can result in enhancement or inhibition of resistance. The result of collectin binding to opportunistic fungal pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis) or primary fungal pathogens (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) on interaction with host defense cells relative to complement fixation, phagocytosis, and stimulation of cytokine/chemokine production is reviewed. Increased understanding of these relationships in future will help understand fungal pathogenesis and host defenses against mycoses.