Short-term prognosis of pulmonary embolism.

Risk stratification tools that accurately quantify the prognosis of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) may be useful in guiding medical decision making. Prospective studies demonstrated that clinical factors, echocardiographic right ventricular dysfunction, and cardiac biomarkers (troponins, brain natriuretic peptides) are independent predictors of short-term mortality in patients with PE. The presence of systemic hypotension or shock carries the highest risk of death, and thrombolysis is usually indicated. Among hemodynamically stable patients, clinical prognostic models, echocardiography, and biomarkers accurately identify low-risk patients with PE who are potential candidates for less costly outpatient care. However, the practical use of these prognostic measures is currently limited by the lack of studies demonstrating a positive impact on patient care. The benefit of risk stratification strategies based on clinical prognostic models, echocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers should be demonstrated in prospective studies before their implementation as decision aid to guide initial treatment can be recommended.