OBJECTIVE: Ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by various mechanisms. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a multiple pharmacological approach toward ischemia/reperfusion injury reduction. METHODS: The left liver lobe of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent normothermic ischemia for 90 minutes after a cocktail (glycine, taurine, alanine, arginine, and prednisolon) intravenous administration. Controls received normal saline. Liver injury (transaminases, histology) and cellular activation [Kupffer cell phagocytosis, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2))], as well as microcirculation and leukocyte-endothelial interaction (in vivo microscopy), were assessed. RESULTS: Whereas in controls a substantial increase of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase to 2,341+/-477, 1,442+/-262, and 1,973+/-73 U/L, respectively, was measured eight hours after reperfusion, the cocktail significantly reduced the increase of enzymes by 33-80% (P<0.05). Further, necrosis, index of liver damage, and index of leukocyte infiltration significantly decreased after the cocktail (P<0.05). Moreover, the cocktail improved acinar and sinusoidal perfusion, while the sinusoidal diameters, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, Kupffer cell phagocytic activity, and TNFalpha/PGE(2) serum levels were significantly reduced, the latter by 86% and to 1.64-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study depicts that multifaceted pharmacological tackling of ischemia/reperfusion injury is feasible and protects rat liver tissue from warm ischemia/reperfusion injury.
OBJECTIVE:Ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by various mechanisms. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of a multiple pharmacological approach toward ischemia/reperfusion injury reduction. METHODS: The left liver lobe of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent normothermic ischemia for 90 minutes after a cocktail (glycine, taurine, alanine, arginine, and prednisolon) intravenous administration. Controls received normal saline. Liver injury (transaminases, histology) and cellular activation [Kupffer cell phagocytosis, production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2))], as well as microcirculation and leukocyte-endothelial interaction (in vivo microscopy), were assessed. RESULTS: Whereas in controls a substantial increase of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase to 2,341+/-477, 1,442+/-262, and 1,973+/-73 U/L, respectively, was measured eight hours after reperfusion, the cocktail significantly reduced the increase of enzymes by 33-80% (P<0.05). Further, necrosis, index of liver damage, and index of leukocyte infiltration significantly decreased after the cocktail (P<0.05). Moreover, the cocktail improved acinar and sinusoidal perfusion, while the sinusoidal diameters, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, Kupffer cell phagocytic activity, and TNFalpha/PGE(2) serum levels were significantly reduced, the latter by 86% and to 1.64-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study depicts that multifaceted pharmacological tackling of ischemia/reperfusion injury is feasible and protects rat liver tissue from warm ischemia/reperfusion injury.