UNLABELLED: The literature reports persistent cognitive impairments in patients with bipolar disorder even after prolonged remission. However, a majority of studies have focused only on bipolar I disorder (BP-I), primarily because bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. More attention should be paid to the differences between BP-I and BP-II, especially the aspects of neuropsychological functioning. We examined the different neuropsychological functions in BP-I and BP-II patients and compared them with those of healthy controls. METHODS: The study included 67 patients with interepisode bipolar disorder (BP-I: n = 30; BP-II: n = 37) and 22 healthy controls compared using a battery of neuropsychological tests that assessed memory, psychomotor speed, and certain aspects of frontal executive function. RESULTS: The BP-I group performed poorly on verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function compared to the BP-II and control groups. Both bipolar groups performed significantly less well than the control group on measures of working memory and psychomotor speed, while the BP-II group showed an intermediate level of performance in psychomotor speed compared to the BP-I and control groups. There was no difference between the groups on visual memory. CONCLUSIONS: BP-I was characterized by reduced performance in verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function, while BP-II patients showed a reduction only in working memory and psychomotor speed. Cognitive impairment existed in both subtypes of bipolar disorder, and was greater in BP-I patients. Rehabilitation interventions should take into account potential cognitive differences between these bipolar subtypes.
UNLABELLED: The literature reports persistent cognitive impairments in patients with bipolar disorder even after prolonged remission. However, a majority of studies have focused only on bipolar I disorder (BP-I), primarily because bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. More attention should be paid to the differences between BP-I and BP-II, especially the aspects of neuropsychological functioning. We examined the different neuropsychological functions in BP-I and BP-II patients and compared them with those of healthy controls. METHODS: The study included 67 patients with interepisode bipolar disorder (BP-I: n = 30; BP-II: n = 37) and 22 healthy controls compared using a battery of neuropsychological tests that assessed memory, psychomotor speed, and certain aspects of frontal executive function. RESULTS: The BP-I group performed poorly on verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function compared to the BP-II and control groups. Both bipolar groups performed significantly less well than the control group on measures of working memory and psychomotor speed, while the BP-II group showed an intermediate level of performance in psychomotor speed compared to the BP-I and control groups. There was no difference between the groups on visual memory. CONCLUSIONS: BP-I was characterized by reduced performance in verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function, while BP-II patients showed a reduction only in working memory and psychomotor speed. Cognitive impairment existed in both subtypes of bipolar disorder, and was greater in BP-I patients. Rehabilitation interventions should take into account potential cognitive differences between these bipolar subtypes.
Authors: Woo-Young Ahn; Olga Rass; Daniel J Fridberg; Anthony J Bishara; Jennifer K Forsyth; Alan Breier; Jerome R Busemeyer; William P Hetrick; Amanda R Bolbecker; Brian F O'Donnell Journal: J Abnorm Psychol Date: 2011-08-29
Authors: Lindsay S Schenkel; Amy E West; Rachel Jacobs; John A Sweeney; Mani N Pavuluri Journal: J Child Psychol Psychiatry Date: 2012-02-17 Impact factor: 8.982
Authors: Erik Pålsson; Clara Figueras; Anette G M Johansson; Carl-Johan Ekman; Björn Hultman; Josefin Östlind; Mikael Landén Journal: BMC Psychiatry Date: 2013-06-07 Impact factor: 3.630
Authors: Ute Kessler; Helle K Schoeyen; Ole A Andreassen; Geir E Eide; Åsa Hammar; Ulrik F Malt; Ketil J Oedegaard; Gunnar Morken; Kjetil Sundet; Arne E Vaaler Journal: BMC Psychiatry Date: 2013-04-04 Impact factor: 3.630